Versione integrale

UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI TRENTO
FACOLTÀ DI GIURISPRUDENZA
CORSO DI LAUREA IN GIURISPRUDENZA

Relatore:
Prof. Alessandro Fodella

A.A. 2004/2005 Pubblicazioni
Centro italiano Studi per la pace
www.studiperlapace.it - no ©
Documento aggiornato al: 2005

Le Organizzazone Non Governative (ONG) sono generalmente viste come gruppi che svolgono la loro attività nell'interesse della comunità, in maniera non violenta e senza scopo di lucro. Le Ong sono spesso etichettate come forze democratiche o addirittura come la "coscienza del mondo", ma spesso esse non fanno che riflettere le divisioni ed i contrasti che esistono di fatto nelle varie società oppure nello stesso settore dei diritti umani.

Tratto da
[CONCLUSIONI
1. Il fenomeno non governativo.]
Note omesse.

Le Ong sono parte della Società Civile, assieme ad altri attori non statali, come ad esempio entità commerciali, movimenti di liberazione nazionale e gruppi criminali.

Tuttavia le differenze che esistono tra questi soggetti possono non essere del tutto marcate, ed offuscare i confini che li delimitano. Un esempio è dato dalla nozione di Ong assunta dalla Corte Europea dei Diritti dell'Uomo, che comprende anche entità che perseguono uno scopo di lucro. Anche la distinzione tra Organizzazioni non governative e gruppi criminali può non essere così forte.

Infatti, generalmente, le prime si caratterizzano per essere private nella forma e pubbliche nello scopo, mentre il crimine organizzato è privato sia nella forma che nello scopo.

Entrambi sono, comunque, entità private, e da un punto di vista semantico, anche il crimine organizzato può essere definito "non-governativo". Queste, che sembrano delle provocazioni, aiutano a comprendere cosa si intende per Ong.

Esse sono generalmente viste come gruppi che svolgono la loro attività nell'interesse della comunità, in maniera non violenta e senza scopo di lucro. Le Ong sono spesso etichettate come forze democratiche o addirittura come la "coscienza del mondo".

Queste affermazioni non possono essere considerate valide in generale, poiché i valori che ispirano l'attività delle diverse organizzazioni variano e possono non essere condivisi da tutti.

Spesso esse non fanno che riflettere le divisioni ed i contrasti che esistono di fatto nelle varie società oppure nello stesso settore dei diritti umani. Si pensi ad esempio a due Ong, l'una schierata a favore dell'aborto, sul presupposto di tutelare il diritto di scelta della donna, e l'altra contro tale pratica, in difesa dei diritti del nascituro.

Un esempio che vide collidere i valori di due società fu il forte movimento nato alla fine del diciannovesimo secolo, ad opera di missionari cristiani occidentali, contro la fasciatura dei piedi delle donne in Cina.

Questa pratica, molto dolorosa, prevedeva la fasciatura dei piedi delle bambine in età tra i quattro e gli otto anni, fino all'età adulta, in modo da impedirne la crescita.

Oggi potremo definirla come una grave violazione dei diritti umani; poche forme di tortura lasciano una tale deformazione permanente. Tuttavia questo rituale faceva parte di una tradizione antichissima, risalente al 500 a.C., simbolo della condizione della donna nella cultura cinese.

Gli storici, infatti, ne sottolineano la funzione nella socializzazione e nell'assegnazione del lavoro femminile. La campagna intrapresa per ottenere l'eliminazione di questa usanza, facendo leva, a seconda dei casi e degli interlocutori, sul bisogno di modernità o appellandosi alla tradizione, riscosse un grande successo. Essa fu, però, in parte avvertita come l'imposizione di un modello culturale proprio del mondo occidentale condotta con spirito paternalistico.

Quando si parla di questi organismi come di forze democratiche, si intende il fatto che essi costituiscono un collegamento diretto con il popolo, svolgendo un ruolo importante nel portare all'attenzione degli attori internazionali le questioni riguardanti i diversi gruppi della Società Civile, raccogliendo informazioni e criticando le violazioni del diritto internazionale, agendo come partners degli Stati e delle Organizzazioni Internazionali.

In alcuni casi, però, la partecipazione di Ong e movimenti sociali, all'attività di organismi internazionali ha dato dimostrazione di poter essere un veicolo di violenza e
di opposizione non democratica. Episodi di questo tipo potrebbero giustificare l'esclusione di tali gruppi dai processi internazionali, causando, di conseguenza una crescita delle tensioni e una ulteriore frustrazione.

Anche in questo caso, non sono possibili generalizzazioni, ed è ovvio che quelle Ong che operano, in maniera genuina e liberale, tenderanno a prendere le distanze da quelli che hanno una struttura ed un'agenda di dubbia democraticità. Questa situazione, tuttavia, dimostra come all'interno di un sistema complesso, come quello internazionale, sia necessario che nessun potere rimanga incontrollato, ed è quindi probabile che, in futuro, per essere ammesse a collaborare con gli altri attori internazionali, queste entità debbano accettare un maggiore controllo nella loro attività e struttura, nonché una normativa che disciplini la loro responsabilità per certi atti.

La mancanza di un generale riconoscimento della personalità giuridica delle Organizzazioni non governative è un elemento che si pone in forte contrasto con la grande attenzione suscitata dall'imponente presenza di queste entità sulla scena internazionale.

Esse sono nate e hanno esteso il loro ambito di operatività e le loro capacità, indipendentemente da qualsiasi altro soggetto internazionale o da una loro approvazione, come espressione della Società Civile. Questa virtuale inesistenza delle Ong, o non-status, sono testimoniati dai risultati dell'analisi, condotta nel capitolo 3, in relazione ai diritti e agli obblighi previsti a livello internazionale in capo a queste entità.

Per quanto riguarda i diritti, i maggiori trattati internazionali in materia di diritti dell'uomo, riconoscono le fondamentali libertà che vengono generalmente attribuite ai gruppi, come ad esempio la libertà di associazione e di riunione pacifica, ma non prevedono disposizioni calibrate per tutelare le Organizzazioni non governative e la loro attività.

Soltanto all'interno della Dichiarazione sui diritti e le responsabilità degli individui, gruppi ed organi di società per promuovere e proteggere i diritti umani e le libertà fondamentali universalmente riconosciuti, troviamo delle norme precise al riguardo, ma si tratta di uno strumento di soft law e come tale non vincolante nei confronti degli Stati.

Dal punto di vista dell'affermazione di obblighi o di responsabilità, il quadro è ancora più scarno, tanto che le grandi Ong, sentendo il bisogno di accrescere la propria credibilità verso l'esterno, hanno deciso di adottare dei documenti con i quali si auto-impongono degli obblighi di condotta. La situazione è parzialmente diversa nell'ambito della cooperazione tra Organizzazioni Internazionali ed Ong.

Le risoluzioni che disciplinano tali relazioni, dettano dei diritti e delle responsabilità più precisi per quelle entità che vengono selezionate come partners di una collaborazione, creando l'opportunità di un controllo maggiore sul loro operato.

All'interno delle Nazioni Unite il meccanismo di concessione e di revoca dello status consultivo, è posto unicamente nelle mani degli Stati, i quali spesso sono mossi più da considerazioni politiche che da una effettiva conoscenza dell'organizzazione scrutinata.

Nel contesto del Consiglio d'Europa, la situazione è parzialmente mutata con l'introduzione nel 2003 di una nuova disciplina. Essa prevede infatti la partecipazione delle stesse Organizzazioni non governative, rappresentate unitariamente dal Liaison Committee, nei procedimenti di concessione, revoca e sospensione dello status partecipativo.

Questa modifica non sconvolge la dinamica dei rapporti con le Ong, ma rappresenta pur sempre la presa d'atto della evoluzione delle relazioni con queste entità.

Nonostante il fenomeno, con i suoi lati positivi e negativi, prema e manifesti sempre di più la sua imponenza alla comunità internazionale, quest'ultima è restia ad introdurre una disciplina che preveda un decisivo passaggio da un "diritto della coesistenza" a un "diritto della cooperazione".

Le ragioni sono molteplici, ed in parte sono determinate da ciò che si diceva in precedenza riguardo alla mancanza di certezza della democraticità dei propri interlocutori.

Con grande probabilità, però, il motivo dominante emerge analizzando l'attività che queste entità svolgono nella protezione degli standard internazionali. Molto spesso, l'attività delle Ong è critica nei confronti delle istituzioni statali e mira ad un cambiamento della politica dei Governi, i quali le avvertono come una minaccia alla loro sovranità e si pongono, quindi, in una posizione di chiusura verso qualsiasi maggiore coinvolgimento.

Esiste poi una motivazione interna allo stesso fenomeno.

Le differenze che si riscontrano tra le varie Organizzazioni non governative, in termini di valori perseguiti, rende difficile determinare quali di loro devono essere rappresentate all'interno di determinate istituzioni, fermo restando che non è possibile coinvolgere tutte le migliaia di Ong esistenti.

Nel caso in cui la rappresentazione o la partecipazione sia fissata all'interno di un trattato o di una risoluzione, accadono due cose: la prima è che le Ong che acquisiscono tale status, ottengono una sorta di legittimazione ad intervenire per l'intera Società Civile su quella particolare questione; in secondo luogo, poiché il mondo delle Organizzazioni non governative è fortemente eterogeneo e non si esprime, generalmente, con una singola voce, questa partecipazione può mettere a tacere quelle entità che non sono state selezionate per prendere parte al procedimento.

Un sistema che prevede un'ampia partecipazione delle Organizzazioni non governative non dà l'assoluta garanzia di essere un sistema efficiente. Sicuramente esse sono in grado di creare una domanda o di aggregare interessi di cui lo Stato non si cura adeguatamente e di fare leva affinché vengano adottate delle soluzioni a dei problemi globali.

Ci sono però esempi nei quali l'attribuzione di un maggiore spazio alle Ong all'interno dei meccanismi ufficiali, non accompagnato da un sistema di coordinamento, ha prodotto effetti paralizzanti.

La partecipazione delle Ong nei meccanismi internazionali continua a dare luogo a controversie e dispute, tra chi ne richiede un ampliamento, sottolineandone la necessità per un effettivo rispetto degli standard internazionali, e chi invece è più incline ad una sua limitazione e si chiede perché le richieste avanzate da queste entità non possano essere veicolate per mezzo dello Stato.

TESTI


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SITI INTERNET CONSULTATI


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Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org
Centre for Human Rights University of Pretoria, http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centro Studi per la Pace http://www.studiperlapace.it
Coalition for an International Criminal Court http://www.iccnow.org
Consiglio d'Europa http://www.coe.int
Criminal Court http://www.icc-cpi.int/
Documentation Centre Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM) http://sim.law.uu.nl/
European Society of International Law http://www.esil-sedi.org
Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme http://www.fidh.org
Human Rights education associates http://www.hrea.org
Human Rights Internet http://www.hri.ca
Human Rights Watch http://www.hrw.org
International Campaign to ban landmines http://www.icbl.org/
International Committee of the Red Cross http://www.icrc.org
International Court of Justice http://www.icj-cij.org/
Nazioni Unite http://www.un.org
Norwegian Antiracist Centre http://www.antirasistisk-senter.no/english/
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights http://www.ohchr.org
Official Documents System of the United Nations http://documents.un.org/
Peace Brigades International http://www.peacebrigades.org/
Peace Palace Library http://www.ppl.nl/
Project on International Courts and Tribunals http://www.pict-pcti.org
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Union of International association http://www.uia.org/
United Nations Bibliographic Information System http://unbisnet.un.org/
United Nations Development Programme http://www.undp.org
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights http://www.unhchr.ch/
University of Minnesota, Human Rights Library http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/
World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Association http://www.ymca.int/
World Conservation Union http://www.iucn.org
World food programme http://www.wfp.org
World Legal Information Institute http://www.worldlii.org/


TAVOLA DELLE FONTI NORMATIVE



TRATTATI INTERNAZIONALI

Geneve Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, 22 agosto 1864, entrata in vigore il 22 giugno 1865.

Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery, Ginevra, 25 settembre, 1926.

Charter of the United Nations, San Francisco, 26 giugno 1945, entrata in vigore il 24 ottobre 1945.

Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, Ginevra, 12 agosto 1949; entrata in vigore il 21 ottobre 1950.

Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, Ginevra, 12 agosto 1949; entrata in vigore il 21 ottobre 1950.

Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Ginevra, 12 agosto 1949; entrata in vigore il 21 ottobre 1950.

Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Ginevra, 12 agosto 1949; entrata in vigore il 21 ottobre 1950.

European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom, Roma, 4 ottobre 1950, ETS n. 005, entrata in vigore il 3 settembre 1953.

Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom, Parigi, 20 marzo 1952, ETS 009. Entrato in vigore il 18 maggio 1954.

Protocol Amending the Slavery Convention adopted in Geneve on 25 September 1926, New York, 7 dicembre 1953. Il Protocollo è entrata in vigore il 7 luglio 1955.

Organization of African Unity (AOU) Charter, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25 maggio 1963.

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 21 dicembre 1965. Entrata in vigore il 4 gennaio 1969.

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 dicembre 1966. Entrato in vigore il 3 gennaio 1976.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 dicembre 1966. Entrato in vigore il 23 marzo 1976.

Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 dicembre 1966. Entrato in vigore il 23 marzo 1976.

American Convention on Human Rights, San Jose, Costa Rica, 22 novembre 1969. Entrata in vigore il 18 luglio 1978.

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, Ginevra, 8 giugno 1977. Entrato in vigore il 7 dicembre 1978.

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts, Ginevra, 8 giugno 1977. Entrato in vigore il 7 dicembre 1978.

Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination against Women, 18 dicembre 1979. Entrata in vigore il 3 settembre 1981.

African Charter of Human and Peoples' Rights, 27 giugno 1981, entrata in vigore il 21 ottobre 1986.

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 10 dicembre 1984. Entrata in vigore il 26 giugno 1987.

European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations, Strasburgo, 26 aprile 1986, ETS n. 124. La Convenzione è entrata in vigore il primo gennaio 1991.

Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 novembre 1989. Entrata in vigore il 2 settembre 1990.

Protocol No. 9 to European Convention for the Protection on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom, adottato il 6 novembre 1990 ed entrato in vigore l'1 ottobre 1994.

Protocol No. 11 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, restructuring the control machinery established thereby, Strasburgo 11 maggio 1994, entrato in vigore l'1 novembre 1998.

Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter Providing for a System of Collective Complaints, Strasburgo, 9 novembre 1995, ETS n. 158, entrato in vigore il primo luglio 1998.

Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, Oslo, 18 settembre 1997. Entrata in vigore il 1° marzo 1999.

Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, 9 giugno 1998. Entrato in vigore il 25 gennaio 2004.

Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention), Aarhus, Danimarca, 25 giugno 1998. Entrata in vigore il 30 ottobre 2001.

Rome Statute of International Criminal Court, Adopted by the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 17 luglio 1998. Entrato in vigore il 1 luglio 2002.

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 6 ottobre 1999. Entrato in vigore il 22 dicembre 2000.

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, 25 maggio 2000. Entrato in vigore il 12 febbraio 2002.

Costitutive Act of the African Union, Lome, Togo, 11 luglio 2000, entrato in vigore il 26 maggio 2001.

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, 25 maggio 2002. Entrato in vigore il 12 febbraio 2002.

Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 18 dicembre 2002. Non ancora in vigore (alla data del 04 febbraio 2006).


ATTI NON VINCOLANTI


Universal Declaration on Human Rights, 10 dicembre 1948.

American Declaration of Rights and Duties of Man, Approved by the Ninth International Conference of American States, Bogotá, Colombia, 1948.

Declaration on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1959.

Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 9 dicembre 1975.

Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom, 8 marzo 1999.


ATTI DI ORGANIZZAZIONI INTERNAZIONALI


Assemblea Generale

General Assembly, Resolution 95 (I), International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, 11 dicembre 1946.

General Assembly, Resolution 3059 (XXVIII), Question of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, 2 novembre 1973.

General Assembly, A/RES/45/6, Observer Status for the International Committee of the Red Cross, 16 ottobre 1990.

General Assembly, A/RES/48/265, Observer Status for the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in the General Assembly, 24 agosto 1994.

General Assembly, A/RES/50/46, Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 18 dicembre 1995.

General Assembly, Resolution A/RES/52/160, Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 28 gennaio 1998.

General Assembly, A/CONF.183/2, Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 14 aprile 1998.

General Assembly, A/CONF.183/INF/3, Non-governmental Organizations Accredited to Participate in the Conference, 5 giugno 1998.

General Assembly, A/CONF.183/6, Rule of Procedure, 23 giugno 1998.
General Assembly, Resolution A/54/195, Observer Status for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in the General Assembly, 17 dicembre 1999.

General Assembly, A/54/2000, "We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century", Report of the Secretary General (Millennium Report), 27 marzo 2000.

General Assembly, resolution A/RES/58/314, Participation of the Holy See at the work of the United Nations, 1 luglio 2004.

General Assembly, resolution A/59/525/Rev.1, Revised draft plan of action for the first phase (2005-2007) of the World Programme for Human Rights Education, 2 marzo 2005.

General Assembly, A/RES/59/113B, World Programme for Human Rights Education, 14 luglio 2005.

Consiglio di Sicurezza

Security Council, resolution 827, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Person Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia, 25 maggio 1993.

Security Council, resolution 955, International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible of Genocide and Other Serious Violation of International Humanitarian Law committed in the Territory of Rwanda, 8 novembre 1994.

Consiglio Economico e Sociale

Economic and Social Council, E/43/Rev.2, Arrangements for consultation with non-governmental organizations, 21 giugno 1946.

Economic and Social Council, E/RES/288(X), Review of consultative arrangements with non-governmental organizations, 27 febbraio 1950.
Conference of Plenipotentiaries convened by Economic and Social Council resolution 608(XXI), Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, Ginevra, 7 settembre 1956. Entrata in vigore il 30 aprile 1957.

Economic and Social Council, Resolution 1503 (XLVIII), Procedure for dealing with communications relating to violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms, 27 maggio 1970.

Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC E/RES/1985/17, Review of the composition, organization, del 28 maggio 1985.

Economic and Social Council, E/RES/1996/31, Consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations, 25 luglio 1996.

Economic and Social Council, E/1999/109, Report of the Committee of Non-governmental organizations on its 1999 session, 15 luglio 1999.

Economic and Social Council, Resolution E/RES/2000/3, Procedure for dealing with communications concerning human rights, 16 giugno 2000.

Committee on Non Governmental Organizations, E/2000/88 (Part I), 5 luglio 2000 e E/2000/88 (Part II), Report of the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations on the First and Second Part of its 2000 Session, 13 luglio 2000.

Economic and Social Council, E/2000/INF/2/Add. 3, Resolution and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council, 1 dicembre 2000.

Economic and Social Council, E/DEC/2001/285, Human Rights and Human Responsibilities, 24 luglio 2001.

Commissione per i Diritti Umani

Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/1989/48, Report of the Working Group on a Draft Convention of the Rights of the Child, 2 marzo 1989.
Commission on Human rights, E/CN.4/1995/5, Further Promotion and Encouragement of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, including the Question of the Programme of Methods of Work of the Commission, 15 giugno 1994.

Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/1997/105, Status of the International Covenants on Human Rights, Annex, Report of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to the Commission on Human Rights on a draft optional protocol for the consideration of communications in relation to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 18 dicembre 1996.

Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/1997/92, Drafting of a declaration on the rights and responsibility of individuals groups and organs of society to promote and protect universally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms, Report of the Working Group on its twelfth session, 25 marzo 1997.

Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/2000/112, Rationalization of the work of the Commission, Report of the inter-sessional open-ended Working Group on Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Mechanisms of the Commission on Human Rights, 16 febbraio 2000.

Commission on Human Rights, decision 2000/109, Enhancing the effectiveness of the mechanisms of the Commission on Human Rights, 26 aprile 2000.

Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/RES/2000/61, Human rights defenders, 27 aprile 2000.

Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/RES/2000/63, Human Rights and Human Responsibilities, 27 aprile 2000.

Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/2000/SR.65, Summary records of the 65th session, 20 maggio 2000.

Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/2001/94, Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 26 gennaio 2001.

Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/2001/96 Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 6 marzo 2001.

Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/DEC/2001/115, Human Rights and Human Responsibilities, 25 aprile 2001.

Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/2003/68/Add.2, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the question of torture, Theo van Boven submitted in accordance with Commission resolution 2002/38, Mission to Uzbekistan, 3 febbraio 2003.

Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/2003/105, Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 17 marzo 2003.

Commission on Human Rights, decision 2003/18, Question of the realization in all countries of the economic, social and cultural rights contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and study of special problems which the developing countries face in their efforts to achieve these human rights, del 22 aprile 2003.

Commission on Human rights, E/CN.4/2004/94, Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Human Rights Defenders, 15 gennaio 2004.

Commission on Human rights, E/CN.4/2004/WG.23/CRP.3, Information provided by Non-Governmental Organisations Joint Submission by Non-Governmental Organisations, Human Rights Institutions and Civil Society Groups Pertaining to the Deliberations of the Commission on Human Rights, Inter-Sessional Working Group established to Consider Options Regarding the Elaboration of an Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 6 febbraio 2004.

Commission on Human rights, E/CN.4/2004/44, Report of the open-ended working group to consider options regarding the elaboration of an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on its first session, 15 marzo 2004.

Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/2005/L.11/Add.9, Report to the Economic and Social Council on the Sixty-First Session of the Commission, 22 aprile 2005.

Sottocommissione per la Promozione e Protezione dei Diritti Umani

Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Resolution 1 (XXIV), E/CN.4/1070, 13 agosto 1971.

Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, E/CN.4/Sub.2/DEC/1999/101, Establishment of a sessional working group on the working methods and activities of transnational corporations, 3 agosto 1999.

Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection on Human Rights, E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/WG.2/WP.1, Principles relating to the human rights conduct of companies, Working paper prepared by Mr. David Weissbrodt, 25 maggio 2000.

Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, E/CN.4/Sub.2/DEC/2001/101, Establishment of a sessional working group on the working methods and activities of transnational corporations under agenda item 4, 31 luglio 2001.

Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection on Human Rights, E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/Rev.1, Draft norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights, 4 agosto 2003.

Comitato per i Diritti dell'Uomo

Human Rights Committee, A/33/40, Report of the Human Rights Committee, 1978.

Human Rights Committee, General Comment N. 3, Implementation at the national level (Art. 2), 27 luglio 1981.

Human Rights Committee, CCPR/C/79/Add.43, Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Tunisia, 23 novembre 1994.
Human Rights Committee, CCPR/C/79/Add.65, Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Nigeria, 2 luglio 1996.

Human Rights Committee, A/51/40, Reports of the Human Rights Committee, 24 luglio 1996.

Human Rights Committee, A/52/40, Reports of the Human Rights Committee, 21 settembre 1997.

Human Rights Committee CCPR/C/79/Add.86, Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Belarus, 19 novembre 1997.

Human Rights Committee, A/53/40, Reports of the Human Rights Committee, 15 settembre 1998.

Human Rights Committee, A/54/40, Reports of the Human Rights Committee, 21 ottobre 1999.

Human Rights Committee, A/55/40, Reports of the Human Rights Committee, 10 ottobre 2000.

Human Rights Committee, A/56/40, Reports of the Human Rights Committee, 10 ottobre 2001.

Human Rights Committee, CCPR/CO/76/EGY, Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Egypt, 1 novembre 2002.

Human Rights Committee, A/59/40, Reports of the Human Rights Committee, 20 ottobre 2004.

Human Rights Committee, CCPR/C/3/Rev.8, Rules of Procedure of the Human Rights Committee, 22 settembre 2005.



Comitato per i Diritti Economici, Sociali e Culturali

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment N. 9, The Domestic application of the Covenant, 3 dicembre 1998. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment N. 3, The Nature of State Party Obligations, 14 dicembre 1990.

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, E/C.12/1990/4/Rev.1, Rules of Procedure of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1 settembre 1993.

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, E/C.12/1993/WP.14, Ngo participation in activities of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 12 maggio 1993.

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, E/C.12/2000/6, Substantive issues, 7 luglio 2000.

Comitato per l'Eliminazione di ogni Forma di Discriminazione Razziale

Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination, CERD/C/35/Rev.3, Rule of Procedure, 9 gennaio 1989.

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, A/51/18, Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 30 settembre 1996.

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, A/51/482, Human Rights Questions: implementation of human rights instruments, 11 ottobre 1996.

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, A/52/18, Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 26 settembre 1997.

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, A/53/18, Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 10 settembre 1998.

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, A/56/18, Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 17 agosto 2001.

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, A/57/18, Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 22 agosto 2002.

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, A/59/18, Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 2004.

Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination, CERD/C/65/CO/5, Concluding observation of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Mauritania, 10 dicembre 2004.

Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination, CERD/C/LAO/CO/15, Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Lao People's Democratic Republic, 22 febbraio 2005.

Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination, CERD/C/AZE/CO/4, Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Azerbaijan, 14 aprile 2005.

Comitato per l'Eliminazione di ogni Forma di Discriminazione contro le Donne

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW/C/1997/5, Ways and means of expediting the work of the Committee, 6 dicembre 1996.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, A/52/38/Rev.1, Decisions of the Sixteenth session, 31 gennaio 1997, Decision 16/II.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, A/53/38/Rev.1, Decisions of the Seventeenth session, 14 maggio 1998, Decision 18/I.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, A/54/38, Decisions of the Eighteenth session, 4 maggio 1999, Decision 20/I.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, A/55/38, Concluding Observation of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination against Women: Lithuania, 16 giugno 2000.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW/C/ROP, Rules of Procedure of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 26 gennaio, 2001.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, A/56/38 Concluding Observation of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination against Women: Guinea, 31 luglio 2001.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, A/56/38, Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Annex I, 28 settembre 2001.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, A/57/38 (Part I), Concluding Observation of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination against Women: Trinidad and Tobago, 7 maggio 2002.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW/C/2005/OP.8/Mexico, Report on Mexico produced by the Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against women under article 8 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention, and reply from the Government of Mexico, 27 gennaio 2005.

Comitato contro la Tortura

Committee against torture, A/48/44/Add.1, Activities of the Committee against Torture pursuant to article 20 of the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment: Turkey, 15 novembre 1993.

Committee against torture, A/51/44 Activities of the Committee against Torture pursuant to article 20 of the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment: Egypt, 3 maggio 1996.
Committee against Torture, CAT/C/3/Rev.3, Rules of Procedure Committee against torture, 1998.

Committee against Torture, A/53/44, Reports of the Committee Against Torture, 16 settembre 1998.

Committee against Torture, A/54/44, Reports of the Committee Against Torture, 24 giugno 1999.

Committee against torture, A/56/44, Inquiry under Article 20: Peru, 16 maggio 2001.

Committee against Torture, A/57/44, Reports of the Committee Against Torture, novembre 2001.

Committee against torture, A/57/44, Activities of the Committee under Article 20 of the Convention: Sri Lanka, 17 maggio 2002.

Committee against Torture, CAT/C/3/Rev.4, Rule of Procedure of the Committee against torture, 9 agosto 2002.

Committee against torture, CAT/C/75, Report on Mexico produced by the Committee under article 20 of the Convention, and Reply from Government of Mexico, 26 maggio 2003.

Comitato per i Diritti del Fanciullo

Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/15/Add.12, Consideration of Reports submitted by States Parties under article 44 of the Convention, Concluding Observations: Indonesia, 24 ottobre 1994.

Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/87, Report on the twenty-first session, 30 luglio 1999.

Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/CG/02/2002, General Comment n. 2, The role of independent national human rights institutions in the promotion and protection of the rights of the child, 15 novembre 2002.

Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/132, Report of the thirty-third session, 23 ottobre 2003.

Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/15/Add.248, Consideration of Reports submitted by States Parties under article 44 of the Convention, Concluding Observations: Sweden, 30 marzo 2005.

Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/15/Add.249, Consideration of Reports submitted by States Parties under article 44 of the Convention, Concluding Observations: Albania, 31 marzo 2005.

Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/15/Add.255, Consideration of Reports submitted by States Parties under article 44 of the Convention, Concluding Observations: Togo, 31 marzo 2005.

Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/146, Report of the thirty-eight session, 19 luglio 2005.

Consiglio d'Europa

Committee of Ministers, Resolution (51) 30 F, Relations with International Organizations, both Intergovernmental and Non-governmental, 3 maggio 1951.

Council of Europe, Resolution (76)3, On Committee Structures, Terms of Reference and Working Method, 26 febbraio 1976.

Council of Europe, Explanatory Report on the European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations, Strasburgo, 1986.

Committee of Ministers, Resolution (93) 38, Relations between the Council of Europe and international non-governmental organizations, 18 ottobre 1993.

Secretary General, Communications CM(98)31, 19 febbraio 1998.

Secretary General, Communication CM(99)114 27 luglio 1999.

Secretary General, Communication CM/Inf(2001)35, 21 settembre 2001.

Parliamentary Assembly, RAP-ONG(2003)6 (restricted), Report by Mrs Gogoberidze, Rapporteur on relations between the Council of Europe and Non-Governmental Organisations